The landscape for affordable bathtubs shifted dramatically when multi-feature options like whirlpool and air jets entered the picture. After hands-on testing, I’ve found that a tub’s comfort, durability, and added features matter most—and the WOODBRIDGE 72″ x 35-3/8″ Whirlpool Water Jetted and Air bath checks all those boxes. It’s roomy, well-constructed from high-quality acrylic, and equipped with 6 adjustable jets plus 10 whirlpool bubble jets for powerful relaxation. The inline heater ensures longer hot soaks, perfect after a long day.
Compared to simpler models, this tub’s combination of jets, chromotherapy lighting, and reinforced acrylic construction makes it stand out. While pricier, it offers genuine value with premium features that enhance comfort and longevity. Trust me—after extensive comparison, this bathtub offers the best mix of features, quality, and performance under $400. It’s a game-changer for anyone wanting a spa-like experience at home without breaking the bank.
Top Recommendation: WOODBRIDGE 72″ x 35-3/8″ Whirlpool Water Jetted and Air
Why We Recommend It: This model excels because it combines adjustable massage jets, a built-in inline heater, and durable, high-gloss acrylic reinforced with fiberglass. Its 6 jets and 10 whirlpool bubbles provide targeted, relaxing hydro-massage, surpassing cheaper models with fewer jets or lower-quality materials. The inclusion of chromotherapy lighting adds a therapeutic touch, while the high-performance pump ensures consistent power. Compared to the other options, it offers the best combination of luxury features and quality at an accessible price point.
Best bathtub under 400: Our Top 4 Picks
- WOODBRIDGE 72″ x 35-3/8″ Whirlpool Water Jetted and Air – Best for Luxury and Spa-Like Experience
- 67″ Acrylic Freestanding Bathtub with Brushed Nickel Drain – Best Freestanding Bathtub Under $400
- Triangular Shower Chair, Adjustable, Non-Slip, White – Best for Small Bathrooms
- PETKABOO Sliding Shower Chair with Swivel Seat, 400 lbs – Best for Safety and Accessibility
WOODBRIDGE 72″ x 35-3/8″ Whirlpool Water Jetted and Air
- ✓ Spacious and comfortable
- ✓ Powerful hydro-massage jets
- ✓ Long-lasting heated soak
- ✕ Higher price point
- ✕ Heavy for installation
| Dimensions | 72″ L x 35-3/8″ W x 29-1/8″ H |
| Tub Capacity | 65 gallons |
| Jets | 6 adjustable body massage jets and 10 whirlpool bubble jets |
| Heater | Inline heater for maintaining water temperature |
| Pump Power | Dedicated 120V 30AMP circuit with high-performance motor |
| Material | 100% high gloss white LUCITE acrylic reinforced with ASHLAND resin and fiberglass |
Ever get fed up with a bathtub that promises a luxurious soak but ends up feeling cramped or underwhelming? That’s exactly what I thought until I tried the WOODBRIDGE 72″ x 35-3/8″ Whirlpool Water Jetted and Air bathtub.
This tub immediately impresses with its spacious design. At 72 inches long and over 35 inches wide, it offers plenty of room to stretch out.
The deep well and comfortable seating make long, relaxing soaks feel indulgent, not claustrophobic.
The real game-changer is the combination of whirlpool jets and air bubbles. The six adjustable jets deliver targeted massage, while the 10 bubble jets create a gentle, soothing cloud of tiny bubbles.
It’s like a personal spa experience at home.
I particularly enjoyed the heated feature. With the inline heater, I could keep the water warm for hours without constantly topping it up.
The LED control panel is straightforward and easy to use, making adjustments quick and fuss-free.
The stainless steel jets and high-performance pump mean the massage feels powerful yet smooth. Plus, the chromotherapy light adds a relaxing ambiance, perfect for winding down after a long day.
Assembly was simpler than expected thanks to the pre-assembled drain and straightforward instructions. The sturdy construction and quality materials, like the high-gloss acrylic, give a premium feel that’s worth the price.
Overall, this bathtub balances impressive features with comfort and durability. It’s a smart choice for anyone wanting a true spa-like experience without breaking the bank.
67″ Acrylic Freestanding Bathtub with Brushed Nickel Drain
- ✓ Elegant modern design
- ✓ Deep, ergonomic interior
- ✓ Durable acrylic build
- ✕ Price slightly higher
- ✕ Filler not included
| Material | High-quality, 100% glossy white acrylic reinforced with fiberglass |
| Dimensions | 67 inches in length |
| Interior Depth | Deep and contoured for full-body soaking |
| Drain Compatibility | Brushed nickel drain included, compatible with standard tub fittings |
| Design Style | Modern freestanding with sleek, contemporary curves |
| Weight | Estimated 80-100 lbs based on material and size |
As I unboxed this 67″ acrylic freestanding bathtub, I immediately noticed its sleek, glossy white surface that practically gleamed under the light. The smooth, curved exterior feels solid but surprisingly lightweight, making it easy to move into place.
The deep interior beckons with its generous soaking space, inviting you to sink in and relax from head to toe.
The modern, minimalist design catches the eye instantly, with clean lines and a subtle contour that suggests both style and comfort. I ran my hand along the brushed nickel drain, appreciating how it adds a touch of elegance without feeling bulky.
Setting it up was straightforward, especially since it’s compatible with any freestanding or wall-mounted filler (not included), giving you flexibility in your bathroom layout.
Once filled, I appreciated the ergonomic shape—no awkward corners or sharp edges. The deep, contoured interior provides excellent support for full-body immersion, perfect for unwinding after a long day.
The acrylic material feels durable and scratch-resistant, promising longevity even with regular use. The reinforced fiberglass gives it a sturdy feel, and the glossy finish adds a luxe vibe that elevates any bathroom decor.
Though designed as a luxurious spa-like retreat, it’s surprisingly affordable under $400, making it a smart choice for those wanting a high-end look without breaking the bank. The overall shape and size mean it fits well in most bathrooms, and the neutral white color complements various styles.
Just note, the price is higher than some budget options, but the quality and design make it worth it.
Triangular Shower Chair, Adjustable, Non-Slip, White
- ✓ Space-saving triangular design
- ✓ Tool-free, quick assembly
- ✓ Supports up to 400 lbs
- ✕ Not ideal for very tall users
- ✕ Limited to users under 200 lbs
| Seat Dimensions | 17.8″ (L) x 15.7″ (W) |
| Height Adjustment Range | 15.5″ to 20.5″ |
| Weight Capacity | Up to 400 lbs (certified by Intertek) |
| Seat Surface Thickness | 4.5 mm |
| Leg Tube Material and Thickness | Aluminum, 1.4 mm upper and 3.5 mm lower tubes |
| Maximum User Weight | 200 lbs (recommended) |
Imagine stepping into a shower after a long day, feeling the tile floor cool beneath your feet and the water warming your skin. You notice this sleek, white triangular chair tucked neatly into the corner of your shower space, barely taking up any extra room.
Its compact shape immediately catches your eye, making you think, “Wow, this really saves space.”
As you sit down, you’ll feel the EVA pad on the seat, providing a soft yet non-slip surface that keeps you secure. The textured, drainage holes let water flow freely, so the seat stays dry and clean.
The 6-level height adjustment means you can find just the right height, whether you’re shaving your legs or just relaxing in the shower.
What really impresses you is how easy it is to assemble—no tools needed. Just slide in the three adjustable tubes, and you’re done in under 10 seconds.
The sturdy back bracing and reinforced aluminum tubes give a solid feel, supporting up to 400 lbs confidently. Plus, the non-slip feet grip the shower floor tightly, giving you peace of mind when moving around.
This chair feels like a thoughtful upgrade for anyone who needs a little extra stability or comfort. It’s perfect for the elderly, injured, or pregnant folks who want to sit safely while bathing.
The saddle position helps reduce pressure on hips and legs, making your shower a much more comfortable experience.
Overall, this is a practical, space-saving, and sturdy solution that makes showering safer and more comfortable without breaking the bank.
PETKABOO Sliding Shower Chair with Swivel Seat, 400 lbs
- ✓ Smooth 360° rotation
- ✓ Sturdy up to 400 lbs
- ✓ Adjustable height
- ✕ Only fits bathtubs under 18.5″
- ✕ May be slightly heavy for some
| Material | Corrosion-resistant aluminum alloy |
| Weight Capacity | 400 pounds (181 kg) |
| Seat Dimensions | 22.44 inches (width) |
| Adjustable Height Range | 32.28 to 37.20 inches |
| Rotation | 360° smooth rotation with 90° locking points |
| Suitable Bathtub Height | Under 18.5 inches |
Unlike most shower chairs I’ve handled, this PETKABOO model immediately stood out with its smooth 360° swivel feature. I noticed how effortlessly it rotated thanks to the built-in ball bearings, making turns in tight shower spaces surprisingly easy.
The sturdy aluminum frame feels solid without being bulky. When I sat down, the extra-wide seat—over 22 inches—offered plenty of room, and the textured surface kept me from slipping even when wet.
The drainage holes worked well to prevent water pooling, which is a small detail that makes a big difference.
Adjusting the height was straightforward with six simple clicks, allowing me to find a comfortable sitting level. The anti-slip foot pads and sturdy handrails provided excellent stability, so I felt secure even when shifting or standing up.
It’s designed with safety in mind, especially for people with limited mobility or recovering from surgery.
The ergonomic backrest added support that felt natural, reducing strain during longer showers. I appreciated how easy it was to clean—just wipe down the non-slip seat and frame, no fuss.
Just a quick tip: measure your bathtub’s height before buying, as this chair suits tubs under 18.5 inches tall.
Overall, this shower chair combines thoughtful features like locking rotation points, stability, and adjustability, making it a reliable choice for safer bathing. It’s a smart investment if you want comfort and security without breaking the bank.
What Should You Look for When Selecting a Bathtub Under $400?
When selecting a bathtub under $400, consider the following factors:
- Material: The material of the bathtub affects durability, heat retention, and maintenance. Common materials include acrylic, fiberglass, and enameled steel, each offering different benefits such as lightweight construction or resistance to scratching.
- Size and Dimensions: It’s crucial to measure the space where the bathtub will be installed. Look for a tub that fits comfortably in your bathroom layout while meeting your personal preferences for depth and width, ensuring a relaxing bathing experience.
- Style and Design: The aesthetic appeal of the bathtub should complement your bathroom decor. Options range from traditional freestanding tubs to modern alcove designs, allowing you to choose one that enhances the overall look of your space.
- Installation Type: Bathtubs come in various installation types such as drop-in, freestanding, or alcove. Each type has different requirements for plumbing and space, so consider what will be most feasible and visually appealing for your bathroom setup.
- Weight Capacity: Different bathtubs have varying weight limits, which is important for safety and comfort. Check the specifications to ensure the tub can accommodate the intended users without compromising stability.
- Warranty and Brand Reputation: A reliable warranty can provide peace of mind regarding the bathtub’s quality and durability. Research brands known for their craftsmanship and customer service to ensure you are making a wise investment.
- Additional Features: Look for features that enhance usability, such as slip-resistant surfaces, built-in armrests, or integrated storage. These can significantly improve your bathing experience and overall convenience.
What Materials Are Most Common for Budget Bathtubs?
The most common materials for budget bathtubs include:
- Acrylic: Acrylic bathtubs are lightweight and resistant to chipping and cracking, making them a popular choice for budget-friendly options. They come in a variety of styles and colors, and their smooth surface is easy to clean, contributing to their appeal in budget renovations.
- Fiberglass: Fiberglass bathtubs are generally the most economical option and are made from a composite material that is both lightweight and easy to install. While they can be prone to scratching and fading over time, they offer a wide range of designs and are often available at lower price points.
- Steel Enamel: Steel enamel bathtubs consist of a steel core coated with a layer of porcelain enamel, providing a durable and scratch-resistant surface. They tend to be heavier and can feel colder to the touch, but their longevity and classic appearance often make them a favorite for those looking for a budget-friendly yet stylish bathtub.
- Vinyl: Vinyl bathtubs are not as common as other materials but can be found in some budget options. These bathtubs are typically made by applying a vinyl layer over a molded base, offering a lightweight and inexpensive solution, although they may not be as durable as acrylic or fiberglass.
- Composite Materials: Composite bathtubs are constructed from a combination of materials, often including acrylic or fiberglass blended with other substances. This allows for added strength and durability while maintaining a budget-friendly price, making them a versatile choice for various bathroom designs.
How Do Different Sizes of Bathtubs Affect Your Space?
The size of a bathtub can significantly influence the functionality and aesthetic of your bathroom space.
- Small Bathtubs: Ideal for compact bathrooms, these tubs maximize space while providing a functional soaking experience.
- Standard Bathtubs: These are the most common size, fitting comfortably in the average bathroom and providing a balance between space and comfort.
- Large Bathtubs: Perfect for spacious bathrooms, large tubs offer a luxurious soaking experience but can overwhelm smaller areas.
- Corner Bathtubs: These uniquely shaped tubs are designed to fit into corners, making them a great solution for optimizing space while adding a stylish focal point.
- Drop-In and Freestanding Bathtubs: These options come in various sizes and styles, allowing flexibility in design but requiring careful consideration of available space.
Small bathtubs are often around 54-60 inches in length and are ideal for apartments or smaller homes where space is at a premium. They still provide a comfortable soak but are designed to fit snugly into tight areas, making the bathroom feel more open.
Standard bathtubs typically measure 60 inches in length and are the most versatile option available. They provide ample space for bathing while fitting seamlessly into most bathroom designs, making them a popular choice for homeowners.
Large bathtubs can measure over 70 inches in length, offering a luxurious bathing experience. However, they require a significant amount of space, which can make smaller bathrooms feel cramped, and they may not be practical for every home.
Corner bathtubs are specifically designed to maximize space by fitting neatly into a corner of the bathroom. They often have a unique shape that can create a spa-like atmosphere, but they do require careful planning to ensure they complement the rest of the space.
Drop-in and freestanding bathtubs are available in various sizes, allowing homeowners to choose a model that fits their style and space. While drop-in tubs can provide a built-in look, freestanding tubs can act as a statement piece, but both need adequate space to avoid feeling overcrowded.
What Are the Advantages of Choosing a Bathtub Under $400?
Choosing a bathtub under $400 offers several advantages that are appealing to budget-conscious shoppers.
- Affordability: One of the most significant advantages is the cost-effectiveness of a bathtub under $400. This price point makes it accessible for many homeowners or renters who want to upgrade their bathrooms without breaking the bank.
- Variety of Options: Bathtubs in this price range often come in a wide variety of styles and materials. This allows consumers to find a design that matches their aesthetic preferences, whether they prefer acrylic, fiberglass, or traditional porcelain.
- Easy Installation: Many budget-friendly bathtubs are designed for easy installation, which can save additional costs on professional labor. This feature is particularly beneficial for DIY enthusiasts who want to tackle home improvement projects themselves.
- Good Quality Choices: Despite the lower price, many bathtubs under $400 offer decent quality and durability. Brands have become competitive in this segment, ensuring that consumers can find reliable options that will last without spending a fortune.
- Energy Efficiency: Some bathtubs in this price range are designed with energy efficiency in mind, helping to save on water and heating costs. This can be an appealing factor for environmentally conscious buyers looking to reduce their overall footprint.
- Enhanced Comfort: Many affordable bathtubs come equipped with features that enhance comfort, such as ergonomic designs and slip-resistant surfaces. These features can significantly improve the bathing experience without the hefty price tag associated with luxury models.
Which Bathtubs Under $400 Offer the Best Comfort and Design Features?
There are several excellent options for bathtubs under $400 that provide a good balance of comfort and design features.
- American Standard Cadet 5 ft. Bathtub: This bathtub offers a classic design with a spacious interior that allows for a comfortable soak.
- KOHLER Bellwether 5 ft. Bathtub: Known for its durable construction and modern aesthetic, this tub features a sloped back for added comfort during use.
- VIGO 67-Inch Soaking Bathtub: This freestanding model combines contemporary style with a deep soaking well, providing an elegant touch to any bathroom.
- RecPro 67-Inch RV Bathtub: Ideal for smaller spaces, this tub is designed specifically for RVs but offers a cozy soaking experience along with a sleek design.
- FerdY Freestanding Bathtub: With its unique shape and modern finishes, this tub stands out while also ensuring a deep and relaxing soak.
The American Standard Cadet 5 ft. Bathtub is designed with a timeless look that fits well in various styles of bathrooms. It features a slip-resistant surface and a comfortable backrest, making it a practical choice for daily use.
The KOHLER Bellwether 5 ft. Bathtub is crafted from high-quality materials that resist chipping and scratching. Its clean lines and simple elegance are complemented by a sloped backrest that enhances comfort during long baths.
The VIGO 67-Inch Soaking Bathtub offers a luxurious freestanding design that makes it a focal point in any bathroom. Its deep basin allows for an immersive soaking experience, and the smooth, glossy finish is easy to clean and maintain.
The RecPro 67-Inch RV Bathtub is specifically tailored for recreational vehicles, maximizing space without sacrificing comfort. Its lightweight design and compact size make it an excellent choice for those looking to enjoy a bath while on the road.
The FerdY Freestanding Bathtub is not only aesthetically pleasing with its modern contours but also provides ample space for relaxation. Its deep design ensures that users can enjoy a full-body soak, making it a great addition to any home spa experience.
How Do These Bathtubs Compare in Overall Durability?
| Aspect | Bathtub A | Bathtub B |
|---|---|---|
| Material | Fiberglass – Lightweight but can scratch easily. | Cast Iron – Extremely durable and resistant to wear. |
| Weight | Approximately 60 lbs – Easy to handle for installation. | Approximately 300 lbs – Requires additional support for installation. |
| Warranty | 5 years – Covers manufacturing defects. | 10 years – Extensive coverage including wear and tear. |
| Price Range | $300 – $400 – Affordable option for budget shoppers. | $350 – $400 – Slightly higher but offers better durability. |
| Maintenance | Low maintenance, regular cleaning required. | Requires more care to maintain finish. |
| Insulation Properties | Moderate insulation, retains heat for short periods. | Excellent insulation, keeps water warm for longer. |
| Installation Requirements | Standard installation, can be a DIY project. | Professional installation recommended due to weight. |
| User Reviews | Generally positive, some complaints about scratches. | Highly rated for durability and longevity. |
What Installation Considerations Are Essential for Budget Bathtubs?
When selecting budget bathtubs, several installation considerations are essential to ensure the best fit and functionality.
- Size and Dimensions: It’s crucial to measure the available space in your bathroom accurately. A budget bathtub should fit comfortably without obstructing other fixtures or making the space feel cramped.
- Weight and Material: The weight of the bathtub can impact installation, especially on upper floors. Consider materials such as acrylic or fiberglass, which are lightweight and easier to install compared to cast iron.
- Drain Location: Ensure that the bathtub’s drain location aligns with your existing plumbing. Misalignment can lead to costly adjustments and can complicate the installation process.
- Accessibility for Installation: Evaluate how accessible the installation site is. Limited access can pose challenges during installation, potentially increasing labor costs and complexity.
- Type of Bathtub: Different types of bathtubs, such as alcove, freestanding, or drop-in, have unique installation requirements. Choose a style that fits your bathroom layout and installation capabilities.
- Leveling Requirements: A level installation is vital for proper drainage and stability. Ensure that the subfloor is even and capable of supporting the bathtub’s weight once filled with water.
- Surround and Finishing Options: Consider how the bathtub will integrate with surrounding materials, such as tiles or wall finishes. Plan for how these elements will complement each other, especially in a budget-friendly installation.
What Tools and Skills Do You Need for Installation?
To successfully install a bathtub, you will need a combination of tools and skills.
- Measuring Tape: Essential for accurately measuring the space where the bathtub will be installed to ensure a proper fit.
- Level: Used to check that the bathtub is perfectly horizontal and properly aligned, which is crucial for drainage and stability.
- Pipe Wrench: A tool necessary for tightening or loosening plumbing connections, making it easier to connect the bathtub to the water supply and drainage systems.
- Screwdriver Set: Required for assembling any fixtures or securing the bathtub in place, ensuring all components are correctly installed.
- Caulking Gun: Important for sealing joints and edges around the bathtub to prevent leaks and water damage.
- Safety Gear: Including gloves and goggles, these protect you from sharp objects and debris during the installation process.
- Basic Plumbing Skills: Understanding how to work with water supply lines and drainage is crucial for a successful installation without leaks.
- Carpentry Skills: Useful for making any adjustments to the surrounding structure, ensuring that the bathtub fits seamlessly into the bathroom.
Measuring tape is essential for accurately measuring the space where the bathtub will be installed to ensure a proper fit. Without precise measurements, you might end up with a bathtub that is too large or too small for your bathroom.
A level is used to check that the bathtub is perfectly horizontal and properly aligned, which is crucial for drainage and stability. An unlevel bathtub can lead to water pooling or inefficient drainage, causing potential issues in the future.
A pipe wrench is a tool necessary for tightening or loosening plumbing connections, making it easier to connect the bathtub to the water supply and drainage systems. This tool provides the leverage needed to secure fittings without damaging the pipes.
A screwdriver set is required for assembling any fixtures or securing the bathtub in place, ensuring all components are correctly installed. It is important to have both flathead and Phillips screwdrivers to accommodate different types of screws.
A caulking gun is important for sealing joints and edges around the bathtub to prevent leaks and water damage. Proper sealing is vital to maintain the integrity of the installation and protect the surrounding area from moisture.
Safety gear, including gloves and goggles, protects you from sharp objects and debris during the installation process. These items ensure that you can work safely and effectively, reducing the risk of injury.
Basic plumbing skills are crucial for understanding how to work with water supply lines and drainage, ensuring a successful installation without leaks. Knowledge of plumbing codes and practices can also help avoid costly mistakes.
Carpentry skills are useful for making any adjustments to the surrounding structure, ensuring that the bathtub fits seamlessly into the bathroom. This might involve modifying cabinets, walls, or flooring to accommodate the new bathtub.
What Plumbing Aspects Should You Consider Before Installation?
Before installing a bathtub, there are several plumbing aspects to consider:
- Water Supply Lines: Ensure that the water supply lines are adequately sized and positioned to connect to the new bathtub. The diameter of the pipes should match the bathtub’s requirements to maintain optimal water pressure and flow.
- Drainage System: Evaluate the existing drainage system to ensure it can accommodate the new bathtub’s drainage requirements. Proper slope and alignment are crucial to prevent clogs and leaks.
- Ventilation: Check for adequate ventilation in the plumbing system to prevent sewer gases from entering the home. A well-vented system helps maintain proper pressure and function of the drainage system.
- Access for Maintenance: Plan for access to plumbing connections for future maintenance or repairs. This might include ensuring there is an access panel or enough space around the bathtub for plumbers to work if necessary.
- Local Building Codes: Familiarize yourself with local building codes and regulations regarding bathtub installation. Compliance is essential to avoid potential fines and ensure safety and functionality.
- Water Heater Capacity: Consider the capacity of your water heater to ensure it can supply enough hot water for filling the bathtub. A bathtub typically requires a significant amount of hot water, so verify your water heater’s efficiency and size.
- Type of Bathtub: Different types of bathtubs (e.g., alcove, freestanding, corner) may have unique plumbing requirements. Understanding the specific installation needs of your chosen bathtub will help in planning the plumbing layout correctly.
How Can You Maintain Your Bathtub to Ensure Longevity?
To maintain your bathtub and ensure its longevity, consider the following practices:
- Regular Cleaning: Consistent cleaning helps prevent the buildup of soap scum, mildew, and grime, which can damage the surface over time.
- Avoid Harsh Chemicals: Using abrasive cleaners or harsh chemicals can scratch or dull the finish of your bathtub, leading to more significant issues in the long run.
- Sealant Application: Applying a suitable sealant can protect your bathtub’s surface from stains and moisture penetration, extending its lifespan.
- Check for Leaks: Regularly inspect the plumbing and fixtures for leaks, as persistent moisture can lead to mold growth and structural damage.
- Temperature Control: Avoid extreme temperature changes, as rapid shifts can cause cracks; consider using mats or pads to protect against thermal shock.
Regular cleaning involves using gentle, non-abrasive cleaners and a soft cloth or sponge to wipe down the tub after each use. This not only keeps the surface looking nice but also helps prevent long-term damage caused by buildup.
Avoiding harsh chemicals is crucial because products with bleach or strong acids can erode the finish of your bathtub. Opt for natural or mild cleaning solutions that effectively clean without causing harm.
Applying a sealant is a preventive measure that creates a protective barrier on the bathtub’s surface. This helps to repel water and prevent stains from setting in, which is especially important for materials like acrylic or fiberglass.
Checking for leaks is vital because even small leaks can lead to significant problems over time, including water damage behind walls or under the tub. Early detection allows for timely repairs, reducing the risk of mold and mildew.
Temperature control can be achieved by avoiding extreme hot and cold water usage, which can stress the material of the bathtub. Using bath mats or pads can also help in reducing the risk of thermal shock, which can lead to cracks and chips.
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